Bronchitis is an inflammation of the bronchial tubes, the airways that carry air to your lungs. This inflammation causes them to narrow, making it difficult to breathe. Two main types exist: acute and chronic.
Acute Bronchitis
Acute bronchitis usually results from a viral infection, such as the common cold or influenza. These viruses irritate the lining of your bronchial tubes, triggering inflammation and increased mucus production. Less commonly, bacteria can cause acute bronchitis. Symptoms typically include a cough (often producing mucus), chest discomfort, shortness of breath, and fatigue. Most cases resolve within a week or two with rest and supportive care.
Chronic Bronchitis
Chronic bronchitis is a more serious condition characterized by persistent cough with mucus production for at least three months a year, for two consecutive years. It’s primarily caused by long-term exposure to irritants, especially cigarette smoke. Air pollution, dust, and chemical fumes also contribute. This prolonged irritation leads to chronic inflammation and damage to the airways. Managing chronic bronchitis often requires long-term treatment to reduce inflammation and manage symptoms.
Identifying the Cause
Your doctor will consider your symptoms, medical history, and conduct a physical examination to determine the cause of your bronchitis. Further tests, such as chest X-rays or sputum cultures (to identify bacteria), might be necessary to rule out other conditions, like pneumonia.
